Mactutor math history. Roger Bacon was an English mathematician.

Mactutor math history. Takakazu Seki was a Japanese mathematician who was the first person to study determinants. Ramanujan made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite series. Thales was the first known Greek philosopher, scientist and mathematician. Thomas Harriot was an English mathematician who did outstanding work on the solution of equations, recognising negative roots and complex roots in a way that makes his solutions look almost like a present day solution. Karl Weierstrass is best known for his construction of the theory of complex functions by means of power series. A systematic study of the axioms of Euclidean geometry led Hilbert to propose 21 such axioms and he analysed their significance. Maintained by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St. Explore the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive for biographies, essays, and resources on mathematicians and their contributions to mathematics and science. If you have comments, or spot errors, we are always pleased to hear from you. Jul 15, 2025 · This includes the 4 part BBC series " The Story of Maths " (to the left) , the radio programmes " A Brief History of Mathematics " and many other interesting radio and TV programmes. Feb 8, 2024 · The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is a website maintained by John J. Jan 24, 2025 · History of Mathematics St Andrews is a renowned centre for the study of the History of Mathematics. Geometry by no means began with Euclid. Andrews. Apr 21, 2010 · Herbert Federer was an Austrian-born American mathematician who worked in geometric measure theory. Special indexes offer timelines, birthplace maps, quotations, a directory of female mathematicians, and more. He was a practical man who invented a wide variety of machines including pulleys and the Archimidean screw pumping device. Sophus Lie was a Norwegian mathematician who made major advances in the theory of continuous groups of transformations and differential equations. Richard Courant was a Polish-born applied mathematician best known for founding the Institute named after him in New York. Before there was Wikipedia, there was MacTutor. Liu Hui was a Chinese mathematician who wrote a commentary of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. He is also important in the foundations of the calculus. Lie groups and Lie algebras are named after him. Hermann Grassmann is chiefly remembered for his development of a general calculus for vectors. He also worked in game theory, studied what are now called von Neumann Algebras, and was one of the pioneers of computer science. He is credited with five theorems of elementary geometry. Explores the uses and effects of math in daily life, and provides information on different career choices in this field. MacTutor contains biographies of a large number of mathematicians, both historical and contemporary. Users can start by clicking on the biography index and diving right into short biographies of noted mathematicians arranged alphabetically and chronologically. This is the work of John O'Connor and Edmund F. It is without doubt that mathematics today owes a huge debt to the outstanding contributions made by Indian mathematicians over many hundreds of years. This influenced the development of Western mathematics for more than 2000 years. He was an expert in Invariant Theory and an enthusiast for the History of Mathematics. Robertson of the School of Math and Statistics at the University of St Andrews deserve the thanks of every teacher of mathematics who wishes to interest oneself or one's students in the history of mathematics. Astroid Bicorn Cardioid Cartesian Oval Cassinian Ovals Catenary Cayley's Sextic Circle Cissoid of Diocles Cochleoid Conchoid Conchoid of de Sluze Cycloid Devil's Curve Double Folium Durer's Shell Curves Figure Eight Curve Ellipse Epicycloid Epitrochoid Equiangular Spiral Fermat's Spiral Folium Folium of Descartes Freeth's Nephroid Frequency Curve Hyperbola Hyperbolic Spiral Hypocycloid Aug 6, 1998 · André Weil was a French mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry and number theory. Jean, a composer, died of Sep 26, 2017 · August Möbius is best known for his work in topology, especially for his conception of the Möbius strip, a two dimensional surface with only one side. Historians might find it a short cut to discovering books and articles about some mathematician. Research for these pages is ongoing, and a citation should not be assumed to be the earliest use unless it is indicated as such. Set theory however is rather different. Jul 28, 2012 · Gaspard Monge is considered the father of differential geometry because of his work Application de l'analyse à la géométrie where he introduced the concept of lines of curvature of a surface in 3-space. He also advanced the study of trigonometric series. Mar 23, 2011 · Emmy Noether is best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, in particular, her study of chain conditions on ideals of rings. May 6, 2012 · Élie Cartan worked on continuous groups, Lie algebras, differential equations and geometry. Mathematicians can be accessed alphabetically or chronologically. Aryabhata I was an Indian mathematician who wrote the Aryabhatiya which summarises Hindu mathematics up to that 6th Century. Robertson, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. In analysis Laplace introduced the potential function and Laplace coefficients. He made contributions in many areas of mathematics and physics. He gave a simple proof that π is irrational as well as the first proof that π2 is irrational. The site also contains a history Al'Khwarizmi was an Islamic mathematician who wrote on Hindu-Arabic numerals. It contains, for example, biographical data for more than 100 mathematicians born in the period 1920 - 1939. This is the most extensive historical archive on the Internet. Andrews, Scotland, MacTutor is a comprehensive archive that contains biographies of over 1100 mathematicians, from Niels Abel to Antoni Zygmund. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive This link opens in a new window This link opens in a new window Sponsored by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews Scotland. It is the creation of one person, Georg Mathematicians Of The Day IndexJanuary Nov 13, 2014 · Alexander Grothendieck was a German mathematician and Fields medal winner. An overview of the history of mathematics Mathematics starts with counting. Aug 11, 2025 · Explains mathematical concepts with an historical overview of the field. . See our Trophy Room for more details. His work has had an immense influence in many areas. Aug 22, 2014 · The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, created and maintained by researchers at the School of Mathematics, is arguably the most widely consulted mathematics information resource in the world and one of the most accessed scientific websites, with an average of two million hits per week. [5][6] Carl Friedrich Gauss worked in a wide variety of fields in both mathematics and physics incuding number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy and optics. Jun 14, 2011 · Colin Maclaurin was a Scottish mathematician who published the first systematic exposition of Newton's methods, written as a reply to Berkeley's attack on the calculus for its lack of rigorous foundations. Carl Jacobi made basic contributions to the theory of elliptic functions. He is one of the most important mathematicians of the first half of the 20C. Brahmagupta was the foremost Indian mathematician of his time. Gotthold Eisenstein worked on a variety of topics including quadratic and cubic forms, the reciprocity theorem for cubic residues, quadratic partition of prime numbers and reciprocity laws. Apr 4, 2011 · John Napier was a Scottish scholar who is best known for his invention of logarithms, but other mathematical contributions include a mnemonic for formulas used in solving spherical triangles and two formulas known as Napier's analogies. Major work, Aryabhatiya, mathematics and astronomy, arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, spherical trigonometry. The theorem now known as Pythagoras's theorem was known to the Babylonians 1000 years earlier but he may have been the first to prove it. He carried out important research in partial differential equations of the first order and applied them to the differential equations of dynamics. e. He founded the Academy in Athens. The number e One of the first articles which we included in the "History Topics" section of our web archive was on the history of π. Adrien-Marie Legendre's major work on elliptic integrals provided basic analytical tools for mathematical physics. By drawing attention to mathematicians who had undeservedly been forgotten by other sources, MacTutor has become indispensable for the study of mathematical history. Évariste Galois was a French mathematician who produced a method of determining when a general equation could be solved by radicals and is famous for his development of early group theory. Jul 31, 2013 · Gabriel Cramer worked on analysis and determinants. Apr 1, 2012 · Sophie Germain made a major contributions to number theory (in particular, the theory of primes), acoustics and elasticity. He had a sister and two younger brothers Jean and Louis who both died tragically. René Descartes was a French philosopher whose work, La géométrie, includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. Heron or Hero of Alexandria was an important geometer and worker in mechanics who invented many machines including a steam turbine. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. Aug 13, 2008 · Biography Henri Cartan is the son of Élie Cartan and Marie-Louise Bianconi. He clarified the notion of integral by defining what we now call the Riemann integral. Oct 17, 2012 · Jacques Hadamard was a French mathematician whose most important result is the prime number theorem which he proved in 1896. MacTutor History Statistics Index of Famous Curves with a Java option Mathematical Societies, Medals, honours, etc Index of female mathematicians A general bibliography of the History of Mathematics Information on the Mathematical MacTutor System Other Web sources on the history of mathematics Awards won bythe MacTutorHistory of Mathematicsarchive: From 1923-38 Weyl evolved the concept of continuous groups using matrix representations. Georg Cantor was a Russian-born mathematician who can be considered as the founder of set theory and introduced the concept of infinite numbers with his discovery of cardinal numbers. MacTutor is a free online resource containing biographies of more than 3000 mathematicians and over 2000 pages of essays and supporting materials. A central hub for your mathematics information and researching needs This page will guide you through finding mathematics history Oct 23, 2023 · This paper examines explicitly the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, an endeavor that seeks to preserve and present the history of mathematics in a highly accessible and interactive format. He later used this work to study the motion of the planets and the turbulent flow of air from a jet engine. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician who is famous for his work on prime numbers and for measuring the diameter of the earth. On this day in 1655, William Oughtred wrote to John Wallis to praise his methods in Arithmetica Infinitorum. Robertson and hosted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson of the School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. He compiled astronomical tables and contributed to calendar reform and discovered a geometrical method of solving cubic equations by intersecting a parabola with a circle. His works on philosophy, politics and mathematics were very influential and laid the foundations for Euclid's systematic approach to mathematics. Jun 28, 2011 · Lebesgue formulated the theory of measure in 1901 and the following year he gave the definition of the Lebesgue integral that generalises the notion of the Riemann integral. J E S Thompson, Maya arithmetic, in Contributions to American Anthropology and History no. Euclid was a Greek mathematician best known for his treatise on geometry: The Elements. Only when some record of the counting was kept and, therefore, some representation of numbers occurred can mathematics be said to have started. Posted July 19, 2015 in Maths Colm, News Edmund Robertson & John O’Connor of the University of St. MacTutor is a free online resource containing biographies of more than 3000 mathematicians and over 2000 essays and other supporting materials. Richard Dedekind's major contribution was a redefinition of irrational numbers in terms of Dedekind cuts. Jacob Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician who was the first to use the term integral. History Topics Index The links below will take you to individual articles or to index pages for articles on these topics. Ferdinand von Lindemann was the first to prove that π is transcendental, i. Rafael Bombelli was an Italian mathematician who wrote an influential algebra text and made free use of both negative numbers and complex numbers. He introduced the notion of an ideal in Ring Theory. It’s been around for awhile, and yearly improves its ease of use and its depth of material. Moore. Using Kepler's concept of continuity he discovered methods to evaluate integrals. continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums of power series, and table of sines. In it he gave the methods of solution of the cubic and quartic equations which he had learnt from Tartaglia. 36 (Washington, 1942), 37-62. His work achieves a synthesis between these areas. Jan 1, 2015 · The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is a website hosted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland. Isaac Newton was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. Mikhail Suslin was a Russian mathematician who worked in general topology and descriptive set theory. The history of set theory is rather different from the history of most other areas of mathematics. He also put the theory of mathematical probability on a sound footing. Jump to year: 500, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1750, 1775, 1800, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1865, 1870, 1875, 1880, 1885, 1890, 1895, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940, 1950 (1680 BC - 1620 BC) Ahmes (800 BC - 740 BC) Baudhayana (750 BC - 690 BC MacTutor is a free online resource containing biographies of more than 3000 mathematicians and over 2000 pages of essays and supporting materials. The History of Mathematics archive was an outgrowth of Mathematical MacTutor system, a HyperCard database by the same authors, [4] which won them the European Academic Software award in 1994. Hausdorff worked in topology creating a theory of topological and metric spaces. He made important contributions in topology, algebra and logic. Oct 23, 2023 · This paper examines explicitly the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, an endeavor that seeks to preserve and present the history of mathematics in a highly accessible and interactive format. Jul 1, 2011 · Gottfried Leibniz was a German mathematician who developed the present day notation for the differential and integral calculus though he never thought of the derivative as a limit. Biographies Index History Topics Index Authors: Created by John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews Scotland related information MacTutor - Histroy of Mathematics top Jun 7, 2011 · Alan Turing's work was fundamental in the theoretical foundations of computer science. π is not the root of any algebraic equation with rational coefficients. Pierre Deligne is a Belgian mathematician who won a Fields Medal in 1978 for his work on algebraic number theory. He is best known for his formula for solving simultaneous equations. It was founded by … John O'Connor is an English-born mathematician best known as one of the creators of the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. He made advances in astronomy and most importantly in number systems including algorithms for square roots and the solution of quadratic equations. In 2015, O'Connor and Robertson won the Hirst Prize Mar 14, 2011 · Einstein contributed more than any other scientist to the modern vision of physical reality. With his application of group theory to quantum mechanics he set up the modern subject. Provided by the University of St. He also researched in convergence and divergence of infinite series, differential equations, determinants, probability and mathematical physics. His special and general theories of relativity are still regarded as the most satisfactory model of the large-scale universe that we have. Sep 24, 2011 · Girolamo Cardan or Cardano was an Italian doctor and mathematician who is famed for his work Ars Magna which was the first Latin treatise devoted solely to algebra. Arthur Cayley's most important work was in developing the algebra of matrices and work in non-euclidean and n-dimensional geometry. … Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher who made important developments in mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of music. Jul 20, 2011 · Bernhard Riemann's ideas concerning geometry of space had a profound effect on the development of modern theoretical physics. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is a website maintained by John J. When Henri was five years old, his father was appointed as a lecturer at the Sorbonne and the family moved from Nancy to Paris. Jan 20, 2012 · Renato Caccioppoli was an Italian mathematician, known for his contributions to mathematical analysis. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000 BC. John Von Neumann built a solid framework for quantum mechanics. In the Mediterranean, there were many geometers which predated Euclid's time of 300 BCE. His contributions in geometry revolutionised the subject and his methods anticipated the integral calculus. William Rowan Hamilton was an Irish astronomer and mathematician who discovered the quaternions. V A Vyshinskii, The Mayan calendar and the numeration system of residue classes, Soviet Automat. Jun 22, 2011 · Felix Klein was a German mathematician whose synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that are invariant under a given group of transformations, known as the Erlanger Programm, profoundly influenced mathematical development. It has since expanded to include biographies of more than 3200 mathematicians and scientists. Jan 23, 2012 · Hilbert's work in geometry had the greatest influence in that area after Euclid. He studied the catenary, the curve of a suspended string. Roger Bacon was an English mathematician. This states that the number of primes n tends to infinity as fast as n/log e n. May be searched by time period or by name. If you are looking for a fast, very good overview of the history of mathematics, then select Overview . N T Gridgeman, Geometric probability and the number π, Scripta Math. The group is based in the School of Mathematics and Statistics, and runs the well-known MacTutor History of Mathematics website Group members include: Prof Isobel Falconer Dr Deborah Kent Dr John J O’Connor Prof Colva Roney-Dougal Prof Edmund F Robertson We welcome long and short term visiting Ancient Greek mathematics - History Topics Doubling the cube Geography of Ptolemy Greek Astronomy Greek mathematicians - sources Greek mathematics - sources Greek number systems How do we know about Greek mathematicians? How do we know about Greek mathematics? Manuscript Tradition in Ptolemy's Geography Ptolemy's Geography Squaring the circle Oct 28, 2012 · John Wallis was an English mathematician who built on Cavalieri's method of indivisibles to devise a method of interpolation. The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive is a website maintained by John J. Edmund F Robertson is known as one of the two originators of the four-yearly Groups St Andrews conferences and one of the two originators and developers of the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. Jan 18, 2016 · MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive Michelle Breckon (University Libraries, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA) Sep 20, 1996 · Erdős posed and solved problems in number theory and other areas and founded the field of discrete mathematics. It is a very popular article and has prompted many to ask for a similar article about the number e e. Mar 15, 2014 · J J Sylvester did important work on matrix theory. Jul 19, 2015 · MacTutor History of Mathematics website creators honoured by LMS By Card Colm. He also discovered Bernoulli numbers before Jacob Bernoulli. Perhaps the most extensive archive for the history of mathematics is MacTutor at Saint Andrew's University in Scotland. The word algorithm derives from his name. Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources by John Aldrich is an excellent article and companion to this web site. He discovered the discriminant of a cubic equation and first used the name 'discriminant' for equations of higher order. The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, created and maintained by researchers at the School of Mathematics, is a highly consulted mathematics information resource with an average of two million hits per week Persian astrolabe, used for astronomy and navigation The archive includes detailed biographies of 2,740 mathematicians and over 2,000 other pages of essays and supporting material. On this day in 2011 Google released a Fermat doodle. P Freguglia, The determination of π in Fibonacci's 'Practica geometriae' in a fifteenth-century manuscript (Italian), Contributions to the history of mathematics (Italian) (Modena, 1990), 75-84. MacTutor History of Mathematics This is my very favorite site for exploring mathematics and its history. The system is constantly developing, and although it is no longer the only source on the web for the history of mathematics, we feel that we cover the subject in greater depth than any of the others. Feb 10, 2025 · The biography section of the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. It was established, and is maintained, by Dr John O'Connor and Prof Edmund Robertson of the School of Mathematics and Statistics at St Andrews. MacTutor was created and is maintained by Edmund Robertson and John O'Connor of the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews, and is hosted by the University. Feb 4, 2025 · A comprehensive and interactive mathematics encyclopedia intended for students, educators, math enthusiasts, and researchers. These pages attempt to show the first uses of various words used in mathematics. For most areas a long process can usually be traced in which ideas evolve until an ultimate flash of inspiration, often by a number of mathematicians almost simultaneously, produces a discovery of major importance. Nov 28, 2024 · The history of mathematics deals with the origin of discoveries in mathematics and the mathematical methods and notation of the past. L. What is quite surprising is that there has been a reluctance to recognise this and one has to conclude that many famous historians of mathematics found what they expected to find, or perhaps even what they hoped to find, rather than to realise Joseph-Louis Lagrange was an Italian-born French mathematician who excelled in all fields of analysis and number theory and analytical and celestial mechanics. John J. In the same year, they founded their web site. There he attended the Lycée Buffon and the Lycée Hoche in Versailles. The project has moved beyond academia and into the An interactive map showing the birthplaces of the mathematicians in the Maths History archive. Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician who made enormous contributions to a wide range of mathematics and physics including analytic geometry, trigonometry, geometry, calculus and number theory. The postage stamp of one of today's mathematicians at THIS LINK was issued in 2001. Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, writt Aug 21, 2011 · Augustin-Louis Cauchy pioneered the study of analysis, both real and complex, and the theory of permutation groups. It Chronological Biographies Index Mathematicians are listed according to their birthdate and then alphabetically inside each year. On the Web Mathematics Archive's index to number theory on the web Pages on arithmetic and number theory at the Mathematical MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Prime numbers Fermat's last theorem Prime numbers Fermat's last theorem History of Fermat's Last Theorem by Andrew Granville (TeX) A Seidenberg, The zero in the Mayan numerical notation, in Native American mathematics (Austin, TX, 1986), 371-386. Nov 30, 2011 · Bonaventura Cavalieri was an Italian mathematician who developed a method of indivisibles which became a factor in the development of the integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known. Geometry Before Euclid Image from The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Their contributions to the history of mathematics have been recognised by Numerous Awards including the Hirst Prize of the London Mathematical Society in 2015. Jul 21, 2021 · The School of Mathematics & Statistics’ biographical approach to the history of mathematics has been soundly justified by the online MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. It is not reasonable, however, to suggest that early counting was mathematics. 25 (1960), 183-195. Mar 23, 2012 · Pierre-Simon Laplace proved the stability of the solar system. Apr 21, 2015 · Michel Rolle was a French mathematician best known for the so-called Rolle's theorem. O’Connor and Edmund F. Nov 6, 2016 · One of the great – and oldest – resources for mathematics on the web is the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. His best known mathematical work is the formula for the area of a triangle in terms of the lengths of its sides. Plato is one of the most important Greek philosophers. MacTutor is constantly expanding and developing. It was received too late to be included in the first edition, but was included in the 1695 second edition. Please see also Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols, Images of Full-Text Description: Extensive biographies with references and links to related topics. Oct 25, 2002 · René Thom was a French mathematician who is known for his development of catastrophe theory, a mathematical treatment of continuous action producing a discontinuous result. Aug 31, 2012 · Herbert Turnbull was Regius Professor of Mathematics at University of St Andrews from 1921 to 1950. He also worked in set theory and introduced the concept of a partially ordered set. His philosophy is also important and he invented an early calculating machine. Worth exploring if you are unfamiliar with R. It contains detailed biographies on many historical and contemporary mathematicians, as well as information on famous curves and various topics in the history of mathematics. Andrews have been honoured by the London Mathematical Society for their pioneering MacTutor History of Mathematics website hosted at St. Includes biographies of famous mathematicians, and articles on the development of mathematical ideas, cross-referenced to the biographies. 1720 - 1740 1740 - 1760 1760 - 1780 1780 - 1800 1800 - 1810 1810 - 1820 1820 - 1830 1830 - 1840 1840 - 1850 1850 - 1860 1860 - 1870 1870 - 1880 1880 - 1890 Search the Maths History siteIf you have comments, or spot errors, we are always pleased to hear from you. Andrey Kolmogorov was one of the developers of probability theory. His work had a great influence on both mathematicians and philosophers. Hipparchus was a Greek mathematician who compiled an early example of trigonometric tables and gave methods for solving spherical triangles. He received many other prizes and awards, in particular the Wolf Prize in 2008 and the Abel Prize in 2013. Jul 12, 1996 · Provided by the University of St. He was an early user of polar coordinates and discovered the isochrone. His algebra treatise Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala gives us the word algebra and can be considered as the first book to be written on algebra. Biographies contain birth and death information, along with a synopsis of the mathematician's work and references. May 18, 2011 · Omar Khayyam was an Islamic scholar who was a poet as well as a mathematician. The ancient city Henri Poincaré can be said to have been the originator of algebraic topology and of the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables. Andrews, Scotland. His most important mathematical contribution is the application of geometry to optics. He died very young after fighting a duel. In the centuries preceding Euclid, there were many societies in both the East and West which were familiar with certain geometric ideas, including the Pythagorean Theorem. Apr 26, 2017 · The MacTutor Mathematics history website says that, As we saw above, Hilbert's first work was on invariant theory and, in 1888, he proved his famous Basis Theorem. Archimedes was the greatest mathematician of his age. Moving on, the history topics index provides brief overviews of mathematics in the Indian, Mayan, Arabic, and Babylonian cultures. Aug 17, 2011 · Pierre de Fermat was a French lawyer and government official most remembered for his work in number theory; in particular for Fermat's Last Theorem. Aug 10, 2010 · The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is a website maintained by John J. hvsoj ofhtr epsvf oixmq bexiz tkbvouay ouokkedqc vgoxvv uzqkpo pspuos